2 Kings 15:19-22 During a time of upheaval and political instability, King Tiglath-Pileser III of Assyria (called ‘Pul’ - the short version of his name - in 2 Kings 15:19) invades Israel in 738BC (see 1 on Map 59). He is paid off by King Menahem and withdraws, but later returns.
Map 59 Israel goes into exile
The Assyrians
The ancient kingdom of Assyria (extending across the undulating plains in the north of modern-day Iraq, the west of modern-day Iran, the south of modern-day Turkey and the east of modern-day Syria) was established before 2000BC. It grew up around the cities of Ashur (Assur), Nineveh and Arbel on the banks of the Upper Tigris.
Assyria grew wealthy by growing barley and flax on the fertile plains, and trading textiles for precious metals from the Cappadocian cities of the Anatolian Plateau to the north west. Trading agreements and transactions were recorded in Akkadian cuneiform on clay tablets.
The Biblical ‘Table of Nations’ classifies the inhabitants of Ashur (in modern-day Iraq) as Semitic descendents of Noah’s son Shem (see Genesis 10:22). From the 20th to the 15th century BC, Assyria governed most of Upper Mesopotamia, though its influence subsequently waned until the 9th century BC, when the Assyrian Empire again began to expand.
In c.875BC, King Ashurnasirpel II of Assyria built a new palace at Calah (Nimrud) (just south of Nineveh). The palace had walls constructed of mud bricks faced by more resistant baked bricks. Bas-reliefs showing Assyrian archers and the king in his chariot can be seen in the British Museum in London. The capital was moved to Nineveh, about 60 miles / 96 km upstream near Mosul in modern-day Iraq, during the late 9th century BC.
Assyrian slingers in action at the siege of Lachish (British Museum)
Biblical Assyria was at its peak during the time of Jonah, just before the fall of Israel in 722BC (see Jonah 1:1). In 733 BC, Tiglath-Pileser of Assyria invaded Israel and captured Galilee (see 2 Kings 15:29). Two years later, he captured Damascus and killed King Rezin of Syria. In 724BC, King Shalmaneser V of Assyria laid seige to Samaria, and Israel fell to the Assyrians two years later (see 2 Kings 17:5-6). The assimiliation of many Aramaic speaking peoples from Syria and Galilee into far-flung corners of the Assyrian Empire led to the adoption of Aramaic as the second official language of Assyria in 752BC, and its gradual takeover from Akkadian during the subsequent century.
Assyria continued to harass the southern kingdom of Judah after the fall of the northern kingdom of Israel in 722BC (see 2 Kings 18:13). The palace of King Sennacherib at Nineveh, built in c.700BC was described at the time as a “palace without a rival”. Stone carvings on the walls told of Sennacherib’s seige of Jerusalem in 702 BC (see 2 Kings 18:17-19:36).
Assyria’s greatness, as the prophet Nahum predicted, was, however, short-lived (see Nahum 1:14). Around 633BC, Nineveh was attacked by the Medes and Babylonians. The city was ultimately captured and razed to the ground by the Babylonians in 612BC.
Modern-day Assyria (in northern Iraq) continues to maintain its distinct identity amongst the peoples of modern-day Iraq. Unlike the majority of Iraqis, most Assyrians are Chaldean or Syrian Orthodox Christians, or belong to the Assyrian Church of the East, believed to be the oldest Christian church in the world, founded by the apostles Thomas, Bartholomew and Thaddeus in 33AD. (See the feature on Nineveh.)
The capture of Astartu by Tiglath-Pileser III (British Museum)
2 Kings 15:23-28 King Menahem of Israel establishes his son Pekaniah as co-regent in 739BC, but Pekaniah is assassinated soon afterwards (in 737BC) by Pekah, one of his officers, who begins to reign in opposition to Menahem with the support of the northern tribes.
2 Kings 15:29-31 In 733BC, during the resulting civil war, Tiglath-Pileser of Assyria takes advantage of the turmoil within Israel to capture the northern cities of Kadesh and Hazor, and all the towns of Gilead, Galilee and Naphtali. He deports the conquered Israelites to Assyria in 732BC (see 2 on Map 59).